SPINOZA: Ethics [Part I]

In his Ethics, Spinoza applies Euclid’s rigorous mathematical method of demonstration to philosophy. He states several definitions and axioms, and then derives conclusions from these starting points.

SPINOZA: Ethics [Part II]

Spinoza’s treatise titled Ethics was published in 1677. It is written in a style similar to Euclid’s Elements; Spinoza first defines key terms, then provides axioms, and then derives conclusions from those axioms.